Other sections of this site already cover the removal of corns and verrucae.

• Tendons, particularly those going to the toes can become shortened, this shortening can be corrected by lengthening (z-plasty), release or by transferring the tendon to another site

• Skin that has become contracted or shortened because of trauma or change in underlying bony position can be lengthened by a number of plastic surgery techniques, including the V-Y plasty and flap techniques. The latter are particularly useful when there is a skin defect, which requires excision and skin replacement.

• Ruptured ligaments in the foot chiefly affect the ankle area and are dealt with in our ankle injury section.

• Ganglions are swellings arising from joint capsules or tendon sheaths. They may respond to non-surgical treatment but often require excision.

• Bursa are swollen sacs, intended to limit damage to the underlying bone, they often respond to injection therapy but, if this is not effective, then excision should be considered.